Gallstones

Types of Gallstones

80% of gallstones are composed of cholesterol, while the rest consists of pigments, salts, and other chemicals².

Cholesterol gallstones: these are the most common gallstones. They are a greenish-yellow color.
Pigment gallstones: these are less-common gallstones. These are made of bilirubin so they exhibit a
darker color.

Signs and symptoms

Initially, no symptoms appear. As the condition worsens, the following may occur³:
• Pain at the right upper side of the abdomen in the liver region
• Pain in the back and shoulders
• Indigestion and upset stomach
• Heartburn, gas, vomiting, and dizziness
• Abdominal pain
• Dark urine and light-colored feces
• Yellow eyes and skin
• The gallbladder may show inflammation, and its size may double

See your doctor when

• Experiencing severe abdominal pain (colic pain)
• Yellowish skin and eyes
• High fever with chills

Diagnosis

Obtaining a detailed history is the first step in the diagnostic procress. The other steps are:

Ultrasound: A quick and straightforward method to diagnose gallstones. This study uses sound waves to display images that will detail the presence of stones.
Blood tests: Signs of infection, blockage, and inflammation can be checked through blood tests.
CT Scan: Radiographic images can be taken to visualize the presence of gallstones.
Cholescintigraphy (HIDA Scan): In this scan, the squeezing function of the gallbladder is checked with help from radiographic tracers.
Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP): In this technique, an endoscope attached to a camera is inserted through the mouth to the small bowel, and a dye can thenbe injected in the common bile duct in order visualize the ducts and gallbladder.

Treatment of Gallstones

Smaller gallstones may clear through bile and resolve on their own.

Oral dissolution therapy: Certain medicines are used orally to break up and dissolve gallstones.
These are comprised of bile acids that help break down gallstones.
Lithotripsy: shock waves can help break gallstones into pieces through a lithotripsy machine.
Percutaneous drainage of the gallbladder: a sterile needle is inserted directly into the
gallbladder to drain the concentrated bile via a drainage tube.

Cholecystectomy

This is a surgical procedure that involves removal of the gallbladder.

What preventive measures can be taken to avoid gallstones?

• Achieve a healthy body weight, and avoid intense weight loss.
• Consume a diet high in fiber, vitamin C, mono and polyunsaturated fatty acids, vegetable
proteins, and caffeinated coffee.
• Walking, exercise, aerobic activities, and a general healthy lifestyle should be maintained.
• Limit fried foods and opt for fresh fruits and vegetables⁶.

Summary

Gallstones are a common disorder worldwide. Gallstones can cause severe pain and can also cause an
infection of the gallbladder or connecting ducts. Therefore, it is essential to diagnose, treat, and even go
for surgery in a timely manner to avoid serious complications. The choice of treatment can be selected
by consulting with your provider.